Outdoor education apologetic - Defends outdoor education as a vital need in public education (Brookhaven Outdoor Education Center)
Linda Tallent, a UK-based educational consultant who has worked extensively with schools to develop their outdoor spaces into learning environments, agrees. She believes that by focussing on activities and skill development, it is possible to develop an outdoor learning curriculum on a shoe string.
Jonathan R. YoungLeader, educator and author on nature observation and environmental awareness. Pupil of Tom Brown, Jr. Associate of Kenyan tracker Norman Ingwe Powell (1914-2005). Founded Wilderness Awareness School. Created Kamana Naturalist Training Program. Authored Seeing Through Native Eyes and other works.
Ohiyesa / Charles Alexander EastmanNorth American Indian of the Isŋyathi tribe of the Dakota nation; physician; author; worked closely with YMCA, Woodcraft Indians, and YMCA Indian Guides; co-founder of the Boy Scouts of America and Camp Fire Girls; YMCA Hall of Fame inductee, 2010.
Field-trip - school children outdoors listening to man, c. 1899, USAModern outdoor education owes its beginnings to a number of separate initiatives. Organized camping was evident in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century in Europe, the UK, the USA, Australia, and New Zealand. The Scouting movement, established in 1907 by Robert Baden-Powell, employs non-formal education with an emphasis on practical outdoor activities. The first Outward Bound centre at Aberdovey in Wales was established during the Second World War. The Forest schools of Denmark are examples of European programs with similar aims and objectives.
Bradley James RoweProponent of scuba diving, river rafting, adventure programming, ecotourism, and sustainable development. Instructor, Colorado Outward Bound® School. Founder of Save the Rainforest Expeditions School and Costa Rica Outward Bound®.
Outdoor education spans the three domains of self, east technical high school East Technical Campus (9-12 others, and the natural world. The relative emphasis of these three domains varies from one program to another. An outdoor education program can, for example, emphasize one (or more) of these aims to:
Paul PetzoldtMountain climber. Teton mountain guide. Assisted at early courses of the Colorado Outward Bound® School. Founded the National Outdoor Leadership School with Tap Tapley.
. Proponent of wilderness living, conservation, and spirituality. Founded The Tracker school and coyote scouts.
A group of Outward Bound participants with physical disabilities after completing a ropes course, c. 1996.
The second half of the twentieth century saw rapid growth of outdoor education in all sectors (state, voluntary, and commercial) with an ever-widening range of client groups and applications. In this period Outward Bound spread to over 40 countries around the world, including the USA in the 1960s. Other US based outdoor education programs include Project Adventure and the National Outdoor Leadership School (NOLS). Project Adventure focuses on day use of ropes courses. NOLS uses the outdoor setting to train leaders for outdoor programs and for other settings including training every new US astronaut and 10% of the US Naval Academy. The Association for Experiential Education is a professional association for experiential educators. The Wilderness Education Association (WEA) is a consortium of college outdoor education programs with a standard curriculum based on an academic model. (See also North America in the Around the World section.)
A wide range of social science and specific outdoor education theories and models have been applied in an effort to better understand outdoor education. Amongst the key theoretical models or concepts are:
A key outdoor education pioneer was Kurt Hahn, a German educator who founded schools such as the Schule Schloss Salem in Germany, Gordonstoun School in Scotland, Atlantic College in Wales, the United World Colleges movement, the Duke of Edinburgh Award scheme (which emphasizes community service, craftsmanship skills, physical skill, and outdoor expeditions), and the Outward Bound movement.
Mark WagstaffOutdoor, environmental, adventure, and challenge educator. Served in many positions with many organizations, including the North Carolina Outward Bound® School, the Wilderness Education Association, and Leave No Trace.
A history of outdoor education in the UK has been documented by Lyn Cook (1999) .
James KielsmeierOutward Bound® instructor. Proponent of experiential education and service learning. Founder of the National Youth Leadership Council and the Center for Experiential Education and Service-Learning (University of Minnesota).
Philosophy and theory about outdoor education tends to emphasise the effect of natural environments on human beings, the educative role of stress and challenge, and experiential learning.
Kenneth OldhamConducted hiking, climbing, and outdoor education activities for children. First head of Whitehough Camp school, Lancashire, 1956-1983.
She cites a comment by Will Nixon, who reminds readers that Using the real world is the way learning has happened for 99.9% of human existence. Only in the last hundred years have we put it into a little box called a classroom..
Outdoor education usually refers to organized learning that takes place in the outdoors. Outdoor education programs sometimes involve residential or journey-based experiences in which students participate in a variety of adventurous challenges in the form of outdoor activities such as hiking, climbing, canoeing, ropes courses and group games. Forest Schools and the John Muir Award are amongst organizations which encourage and provide opportunities for outdoor learning. Outdoor education draws upon the philosophy, theory, world education and practices of experiential education and environmental education.
of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom has reported that it brings history and art to life, develops social skills, and clearly enhances geography and science.,
Outdoor education and environmental responsibility - ERIC Clearinghouse on Rural Education and Small Schools.
One view is that participants are at their rawest level when outdoors because they are stripped of many of the conveniences of modern life. Participants can become more aware that they are part of a greater ecosystem and are not as bound by social customs and norms. In essence participants can be true to themselves and more able to see others as people regardless of race, class, religion etc. Outdoor education also helps instill the basic elements of teamwork because participants often need to work together and rely on others. For many people a high ropes course or an outdoor activity may stretch their comfort zone and cause them to challenge themselves physically which in turn can lead to challenging oneself mentally.
Joseph Cornell / BharatNature educator and author. His Sharing Nature with Children has had wide international influence.
Loynes has also called for an increase in creativity, spontaneity and vitality. These dialogues indicate a need for those working in outdoor education to examine assumptions to ensure that their work is educational (Hovelynck &educed discipline problems; and increased enthusiasm for learning and pride in accomplishments.
Tallent also refers to evidence from a number of studies that the most effective way of learning is through participation, and calls on educators to make a special effort to create opportunities for children to participate in their learning.
Jerry PiehSon of Bob Pieh. Outward Bound® instructor and school principal who pioneered the introduction of Outward Bound® methods into the mainstream school system; ther of Project Adventure
Ernest Thompson Seton / Black WolfBritish-Canadian-American naturalist, outdoor artist, conservationist. Founded the Woodcraft Indians and the Woodcraft League. Inspiration and major source of Baden-Powells Scouting for Boys. Co-founder of the Boy Scouts of America and the Camp Fire Girls. Chief Scout of the Boy Scouts of America. He highly respected and promoted North American Indian culture. Many works.
This study also indicated that there appeared to be ongoing positive effects. The largest empirical study of the effects of outdoor education programs (mostly Outward Bound programs) found small-moderate short-term positive impacts on a diverse range of generic life skills, with the strongest outcomes for longer, expedition-based programs with motivated young adults, and partial long-term retention of these gains.
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Edward Urner GoodmanFounder of the Boy Scouts of Americas Order of the Arrow with Carroll Andrew Edson. Honored and dubbed as Chief Eagle by the Blackfoot nation.
Edgar M. RobinsonYMCA summer camp director. He pulled together Ernest Thompson Seton, Daniel Carter Beard, Peter Bomus, William Verbeck, Luther Halsey Gulick, and others, and persuaded them to join the fledgling Boy Scouts of America incorporated by William D. Boyce. YMCA Hall of Fame inductee, 2000.
has suggested that outdoor education is increasingly an entertainment park consumption experience. In a entitoutdoor educationled The Generative Paradigm,
William Hillcourt / Green Bar BillBoy Scout; Scoutmaster; Scouting professional. Served in various positions in the Boy Scouts of America. Authored many books and articles on Scouting, outdoor activities, and Scout skills, including the first Scout Fieldbook and three editions of the Boy Scout Handbook of the BSA. Endeavored to maintain the outdoor orientation of American Scouting. Recipient of the Bronze Wolf and the Silver Buflo.
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Baden-Powell and Kurt Hahn are arguably the most mous experiential / outdoor / adventure educators of the 20th century.
Obituary of Kenneth Oldham - about one of the pioneers of outdoor education in the UK, who also wrote the first guide to the Pennine Way (The Guardian)
John P. MiltonOutdoorsman; ecologist; conducted expeditions in wilderness areas of Asia, Africa, North America, and South America. Founder of Sacred Passage and The Way of Nature Fellowship.
The roots of modern outdoor education can be found in the philosophical work of:
A major meta-analysis of 97 empirical studies indicated a positive overall effect of adventure education programs on outcomes such as self-concept, leadership, and communication skills.
Education outside the classroom describes school curriculum learning, other than with a class of students sitting in a room with a teacher and books. It encompasses biology field trips and searching for insects in the school garden, as well as indoor activities like observing stock control in a local shop, or visiting a museum. It is a concept currently enjoying a revival because of the recognition of benefits from the more active style. The Education and Skills Committee
Outdoor education occurs, in one form or another, in most if not all countries of the world. However, it can be implemented very differently, depending on the cultural context. Some countries, for example, view outdoor education as synonymous with environmental education, whilst other countries treat outdoor education and environmental education as distinct. Modern forms of outdoor education are most prevalent in UK, USA, Australia, New Zealand, Europe and to some extent Asia and Africa. For more information, see Outdoor education around the world (Wikibooks).
Daniel Carter BeardFounder of the Sons of Daniel Boone, later known as the Boy Pioneers. Co-founder of the Boy Scouts of America and the Camp Fire Girls. Many works.
and a history of outdoor education in New Zealand has been published in Pip Lynchs Camping in the Curriculum (2007).
Joshua Lewis Miner, IIICo-founder of Colorado Outward Bound® School with Charles Froelicher. Founder of Outward Bound® USA.
Despite the evidence supporting an extension of outdoor learning for children, there are a number of obstacles in the way. One of these obstacles is risk aversion amongst teachers, parents and others, raising reluctance to such diverse and physical tasks. The journalist Tim Gill has written about parental and institutional risk aversion affecting many activities with children in his book No Fear.
There is much anecdotal evidence about benefits of outdoor education experiences; teachers, for example, often speak of the improvement they have in relationships with students following a trip. However, hard evidence showing that outdoor education has a demonstrable long-term effect on behaviour or educational achievement is harder to identify; this may be in part because of the difficulty involved in conducting studies which separate out the effects of outdoor education on meaningful outcomes.
Another obstacle is the perceived high cost of cilitating outdoor learning. Creating an outdoor learning environment neednt cost a great deal, however. The UK Early Years Framework Stage, which outlines best practice in Early Years teaching, asserts that: Outdoor learning is more effective when adults focus on what children need to be able to do rather than what children need to have. An approach that considers experiences rather than equipment places children at the centre of learning and ensures that individual childrens learning and developmental needs are taken account of and met effectively
Outdoor education is often referred to as synonymous with adventure education, adventure programming, and outdoor learning, outdoor school, adventure therapy, adventure recreation, adventure tourism, expeditionary learning, challenge education, aduedu2954.typepad.com experiential education, environmental education, Forest schools and wilderness education. Consensus about the meaning of these terms is also difficult to achieve. However, outdoor education often uses or draws upon these related elements and/or informs these areas. The hallmark of outdoor education is its focus on the outdoor side of this education; whereas adventure education would focus on the adventure side and environmental education would focus on environmental. Wilderness education involves expeditions into wilderness where man is but a visitor. For more information, see Outdoor education definitions (Wikibooks).
Outdoor education can be simply defined as experiential learning in, for,Outdoor education? outdoor education or about the outdoors. The term outdoor education, however, is used broadly to refer to a range of organized activities that take place in a variety of ways in predominantly outdoor environments. Common definitions of outdoor education are difficult to achieve because interpretations vary according to culture, philosophy, and local conditions.
Robert Stephenson Smyth Baden-PowellFounder of the Scout Movement. Lord Baden-Powell and Kurt Hahn are arguably the most mous experiential / outdoor / adventure educators of the 20th century.
Karl RohnkeOutward Bound® instructor. Author of books on ropes courses and adventure education. Co-founder, Project Adventure. Recipient, National Outdoor Book Award.
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